A new generation of artists have continued stretching definitions and boundaries between performance, intent and meaning, such as Karen Finley, whose controversial performances were criticized by a U.S. Andy Kaufman utilized television as his primary medium in the 1980s, creating intentionally unusual and sometimes confrontational situations that left viewers unsure of their nature and meaning (Sometimes Kaufman's intentions were even undisclosed to fellow performers). Jack Chambers used "sense combinations complement one another to enrich perception" in paintings such as 401 Towards London No. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's wrapping of the Reichstag was another milestone in this succession. In the late 20th century, visual artists such as Robert Smithson, with his massive land-based creation entitled Spiral Jetty, began to break down barriers between art medium and subjective interpretation. Sometimes, the role of observer is obscured as members of the public may unwittingly or unknowingly be participants in the creation of the artwork itself. In practice, perceptual art may be interpreted as the engagement of multi-sensory experiential stimuli combined with the multiplicity of interpretive meanings on the part of an observer. Jack Chambers discussed perceptualism, which he first called "Perceptual Realism," in terms of visual art that is a "profound reflection of primary sensory experience, not simply a reproduction of it." Practice Ernst Gombrich discussed perceptualism in terms of universal perceptual and psychological responses that govern the reception of images across time and differences in culture. Norman Bryson discussed perceptualism in terms of optical truth, as opposed to constructivist interpretations that take into account the social values of any given era's zeitgeist. The concept of perceptualism has been discussed in historical and philosophical explorations of art and psychology, thus it forms an innate relationship between the artist and philosopher. Perceptual art is a form of art that can trace its roots to the art history concepts of perceptualism as well as to twentieth century inventions of conceptual art and performance art. ( February 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ![]() Send us feedback about these examples.This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'perception.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Christina Montoya Fiedler, Good Housekeeping, Young, of course, isn’t the only star with perpetually shifting perceptions. Zachary Halaschak, Washington Examiner, According to the National Institute of Health, these endorphins deaden your perception of pain and increase feelings of pleasure, which creates a temporary but powerful sense of euphoria. Ivan Illan, Forbes, The perception that the Fed could hold money tighter for longer than previously thought apparently caused yields to lurch upward. Maria Halkias, Dallas News, The opposite is true when the perception of forward-looking risk is lower. ![]() Ricardo Cano, San Francisco Chronicle, Simon lists mass shootings, random acts of violence and consumer perceptions of safety among the risks that could materially and adversely affect its business. Bryan Marquard,, Crime and filth on BART tainted many people’s perceptions of the agency years before the pandemic decimated its ridership. Abbey White, The Hollywood Reporter, Along with letting the poor and homeless report news, publish fiction and poetry, and explain first-hand how political decisions affect people living on the streets, Spare Change News was designed to change public perceptions. Recent Examples on the Web Between that, the film asks what role multiple industries - the obvious reality TV and tabloid media, as well as others like diet and weight loss companies - played in her public perception (and at times, humiliation).
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